Marauder Chieftain

Lord· Lord· 1 model at Ultra size

Norsca

Health

4,268

bottom 21% of class

Armour

shield blocks 35% of frontal missiles

bottom 30% of class

Leadership

bottom 10% of class

Speed

bottom 13% of class

Melee attack

top 25% of class

Melee defence

bottom 39% of class

Weapon strength

300 base + 150 armour-piercing

450

top 39% of class

Charge bonus

top 32% of class

Attributes

Encourage
This unit provides a leadership bonus to nearby allies. Units within range of both the Lord's aura and an encouraging unit will receive the larger of the two bonuses.
Hide (forest)
This unit can hide in forests until enemy units get too close.

Abilities

WoundsHex · -10% Speed, -20% Armour-Piercing Weapon Damage…passive
Fight or Die!Augment (Area) · +24 Melee Attack, +16 Leadershipactive
RageAugment · +5 Melee Attack, +8 Leadership…passive
Foe-SeekerAugment · +25% Charge Speed, +25% Speedactive

Marauder Chieftain skill tree

58 skills, line by line as the game lays them out. Hover a skill for the rank it unlocks at and its effects at each level.

Norscan Warhorse
Norscan WarhorseUnlocks at rank 3
- Mount: Norscan Warhorse
The horses of Norsca live for battle, even choosing to graze on the bones of the fallen over grass.
Marauder Chariot
Marauder ChariotUnlocks at rank 9
- Mount: Marauder Chariot
Marauder mobs are awarded even greater mobility when riding their crude chariots of bone and wood, lashed together with the guts and sinew of the vanquished.
War Mammoth
War MammothUnlocks at rank 17
- Mount: War Mammoth
Tainted and savage they may be, but these behemoths remain willing to bear high-status Marauders into battle, trampling flat everything foolish enough to get in their way.
Eye of the Gods
Eye of the GodsUnlocks at rank 6
- Weapon strength: +10%
The slightest glance, the merest glimpse from one of the Dark Gods is sufficient to propel their playthings to ever-greater feats of desolation.
Voice of the Dark Gods
Voice of the Dark Gods
- Cooldown: -33% to "Stand or Die!"
- Cooldown: -33% for "Fight or Die!"
- Character's aura leadership effect: +4
- Leadership aura size: +80%
This Lord speaks with a dread booming voice - a gift from his Dark Masters to ensure obedience.
Hardened Monstrosities
Hardened Monstrosities
- HIDDEN Attribute: Perfect Vigour for Monstrous Arcanum monsters (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Attribute: Perfect Vigour for Monstrous Arcanum monsters (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- HIDDEN Barrier hit points: +800 for Monstrous Arcanum monsters (Lord's army)
- Barrier hit points: +800 for Monstrous Arcanum monsters (Lord's army)
- HIDDEN Melee attack: +8 for Monstrous Arcanum monsters (Lord's army)
- Melee attack: +8 for Monstrous Arcanum monsters (Lord's army)
Scarred and brutish, even for monstrous beasts, these now-tamed creatures can shrug off incredible punishment.
Aura of Chaos
Aura of ChaosUnlocks at rank 8
- Missile resistance: 10%
The shadow of the Ruinous Powers looms large, protecting those who bear their mark.
Soldiers of Renown
Soldiers of Renown3 levels
Level 1
- Regiments of Renown army capacity: +1 (own army)
Level 2
- Regiments of Renown army capacity: +2 (own army)
Level 3
- Regiments of Renown army capacity: +3 (own army)
Their renown shall further elevate the one under whose command they march.
Immortality
ImmortalityUnlocks at rank 19
- This Lord will be wounded instead of killed in battle
Who wants to live forever? As it turns out, most beings wouldn't say no…
Mentor
Mentor3 levels
Level 1
- Character experience gain: +20% (Heroes in Lord's army)
- Character will share +15% of experience earned between all other active Lords
Level 2
- Character experience gain: +35% (Heroes in Lord's army)
- Character will share +30% of experience earned between all other active Lords
Level 3
- Character experience gain: +50% (Heroes in Lord's army)
- Character will share +50% of experience earned between all other active Lords
Having learned much in their long years of service, this character now turns their attention to training others.

Drinker of Blood
Drinker of Blood2 levels
Level 1
- Armour-piercing weapon damage: +30
- Melee attack: +4 (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Armour-piercing weapon damage: +3 (Lord's army)
- Melee attack: +6 (Lord's army)
Dining upon the blood of slaughtered enemies may attract the notice, and maybe the favour, of the Hound.
Chron's Wrath
Chron's Wrath2 levels
Level 1
- Bonus vs Infantry: +12
- Charge bonus: +12% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Bonus vs Infantry: +20
- Charge bonus: +18% (Lord's army)
Requires: Drinker of BloodThe Great Hound of War thirsts eternally for blood and slaughter, its rage manifesting itself in the unstoppable martial spirit of its warriors.
Fury of the Hound
Fury of the Hound
- Replenishes 15% campaign movement range after winning a battle
- Replaces: "Rage"
- Passive ability: "Berserk"
Requires: Chron's WrathThe Hound's unearthly fury is personified by its Champions' thirst for war and hunger for unending blood and violence.
Noxious Vessel
Noxious Vessel2 levels
Level 1
- Hit points: +7%
- Missile resistance: 8% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Hit points: +15%
- Missile resistance: 15% (Lord's army)
Thusly, the virulent maladies of the Crow are borne forth to repulse and infect its mortal foes; there lieth victory eternal.
Putrefying Ooze
Putrefying Ooze2 levels
Level 1
- Armour: +8 (Lord's army)
- Physical resistance: 5% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Armour: +15 (Lord's army)
- Physical resistance: 10% (Lord's army)
Requires: Noxious VesselThis foetid, disgusting pus is so repulsive to the untainted that it mimics traditional armour of far greater substance.
Plague of the Crow
Plague of the Crow
- Passive ability: "Regeneration"
- Enables poison attacks
Requires: Putrefying OozeUnstable and miscreated, the Crow's strength spreads and grows like the most successful of diseases, consuming all before consuming itself and beginning again.

Indulger in the Exotic
Indulger in the Exotic2 levels
Level 1
- Speed: +7% (Lord's army)
- Vigour loss reduction: -10% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Speed: +15% (Lord's army)
The Serpent's temptations come in many forms, all of them designed to appeal to the twisted desires buried deep within us all.
Intoxicating Visions
Intoxicating Visions2 levels
Level 1
- Casualty replenishment rate: +4% (Lord's army)
- Leadership: +4 (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Casualty replenishment rate: +8% (Lord's army)
- Leadership: +8 (Lord's army)
Requires: Indulger in the ExoticSeductive images of sensual luxuries may tempt the enemy from their chosen paths onto roads much, much less travelled and from which there can be no return.
Seduction of the Serpent
Seduction of the Serpent
- Ability: "Seduction of the Serpent"
- Upkeep: -15% (Lord's army)
Requires: Intoxicating VisionsAlthough the youngest of the Dark Gods, the Serpent is no less potent and can bind mortals to eternal service with alluring visions or tantalising temptations.
Spirit Wanderer
Spirit Wanderer2 levels
Level 1
- Winds of Magic power reserve: +3 per turn (Lord's army)
- Winds of Magic power reserve capacity: +7 (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Winds of Magic power reserve: +6 per turn (Lord's army)
- Winds of Magic power reserve capacity: +15 (Lord's army)
More fool they who go to war and quest with minds unfocused, for they risk the Eagle's desolate, underhand deceptions.
Dark Deceiver
Dark Deceiver2 levels
Level 1
- Barrier hit points: +250 (Lord's army)
- Spell resistance: 10% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Barrier hit points: +500 (Lord's army)
- Spell resistance: 20% (Lord's army)
Requires: Spirit WandererThe Eagle weaves a complex web of duplicity around its servants, further bracing their combat abilities in subtle, unexpected ways.
Sorcery of the Eagle
Sorcery of the Eagle
- Bound spell: "Tzeentch's Firestorm"
- Spell intensity: +10% (Lord's army)
- Enables magical attacks
Requires: Dark DeceiverAs the undisputed master of magic, the Eagle uses complex sorcery to influence its followers and draw opponents into his multifarious, interwoven schemes.

Blade Master
Blade Master
- Melee attack: +5
This warrior is one with their blade; it is an extension of their will, making them a worthy foe in combat.
Devastating Charge
Devastating Charge2 levels
Level 1
- Charge bonus: +15
Level 2
- Charge bonus: +30
Requires: Blade MasterSome creatures charge home with such fury that the very ground shakes beneath their feet.
Thick-Skinned
Thick-Skinned2 levels
Level 1
- Armour: +7
Level 2
- Armour: +15
Requires: Blade MasterCreatures with tough hides or some kind of natural armour are tough nuts to crack - even a powerful attack may fall foul of their thick-skin.
Hard to Hit
Hard to Hit2 levels
Level 1
- Melee defence: +6
Level 2
- Melee defence: +12
Requires: Blade MasterHand-to-hand combat is a lethal match of cut and thrust. However, it’s not all about offensive strikes; parries and other defensive moves can also win the day.
Deadly Blade
Deadly Blade2 levels
Level 1
- Melee attack: +6
Level 2
- Melee attack: +12
Requires: Blade MasterA deadly blade is especially lethal when in the hands of this master death-maker, killer and slaughterer!
Foe-Seeker
Foe-Seeker
- Ability: "Foe-Seeker"
Requires: Devastating Charge, Thick-Skinned, Hard to Hit, Deadly BladeFrom one bloodied, lifeless corpse to the next, this one is always looking for the next adversary to best.
Wound-Maker
Wound-Maker2 levels
Level 1
- Weapon strength: +10%
Level 2
- Weapon strength: +20%
Requires: Foe-SeekerSuch is their power and ferocity, a wound-maker will ravage the foe, cutting and pulverising until there is only one exit - death.
Scarred Veteran
Scarred Veteran2 levels
Level 1
- Hit points: +7%
Level 2
- Hit points: +15%
Requires: Foe-SeekerThe scars on this storied warrior reveal a veteran of many battles, a being not easy to kill and one worthy of respect and fear.
Indomitable
Indomitable2 levels
Level 1
- Leadership: +6
Level 2
- Leadership: +12
Requires: Foe-SeekerThe iron will and indomitable presence of this leader ensures their followers remain steadfast when facing peril.
Quicksilver
Quicksilver2 levels
Level 1
- Speed: +7%
Level 2
- Speed: +15%
Requires: Foe-SeekerBlink and you die.
Deadly Onslaught
Deadly Onslaught
- Ability: "Deadly Onslaught"
Requires: Wound-Maker, Scarred Veteran, Indomitable, QuicksilverThe war is endless. The cycle of charging, clashing, and bloody hand-to-hand fighting is without end. It will never stop.

Dominating Presence
Dominating Presence
- Unit experience gain per turn: +75 (Lord's army)
- Character's aura leadership effect: +5
A Chaos Lord dominates – lesser beings cringe from a being that is so intently under scrutiny from the Dark Gods.
Fearsome Warriors
Fearsome Warriors3 levels
Level 1
- Melee attack: +4 for Marauders, Marauder Spearmen, Marauder Berserkers, Marauder Bearmen, Flayerkin and Marauder Champions units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Melee attack: +6 for Marauders, Marauder Spearmen, Marauder Berserkers, Marauder Bearmen, Flayerkin and Marauder Champions units (Lord's army)
- Weapon strength: +6% for Marauders, Marauder Spearmen, Marauder Berserkers, Marauder Bearmen, Flayerkin and Marauder Champions units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Melee attack: +8 for Marauders, Marauder Spearmen, Marauder Berserkers, Marauder Bearmen, Flayerkin and Marauder Champions units (Lord's army)
- Weapon strength: +12% for Marauders, Marauder Spearmen, Marauder Berserkers, Marauder Bearmen, Flayerkin and Marauder Champions units (Lord's army)
Requires: Dominating PresenceThose who do not bend the knee to the Gods of the North soon find all they hold dear obliterated before them.
Beast Slayers
Beast Slayers3 levels
Level 1
- Missile strength: +4% for Marauder Hunters, Marauder Horsemen, and Marauder Horsemasters units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Ammunition: +10% for Marauder Hunters, Marauder Horsemen, and Marauder Horsemasters units (Lord's army)
- Missile strength: +6% for Marauder Hunters, Marauder Horsemen, and Marauder Horsemasters units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Ammunition: +20% for Marauder Hunters, Marauder Horsemen, and Marauder Horsemasters units (Lord's army)
- Missile strength: +8% for Marauder Hunters, Marauder Horsemen, and Marauder Horsemasters units (Lord's army)
Requires: Dominating PresenceDelighting in death and suffering, these savage warriors follow their ignoble Lord wherever he goes.
Unnatural Selection
Unnatural Selection3 levels
Level 1
- Speed: +6% for Norscan Warhounds, Norscan Ice Wolves, Marauder Chariot and Kurgan Horsemen units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Charge bonus: +6 for Norscan Warhounds, Norscan Ice Wolves, Marauder Chariot and Kurgan Horsemen units (Lord's army)
- Speed: +9% for Norscan Warhounds, Norscan Ice Wolves, Marauder Chariot and Kurgan Horsemen units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Charge bonus: +12 for Norscan Warhounds, Norscan Ice Wolves, Marauder Chariot and Kurgan Horsemen units (Lord's army)
- Speed: +12% for Norscan Warhounds, Norscan Ice Wolves, Marauder Chariot and Kurgan Horsemen units (Lord's army)
Requires: Dominating PresenceOnly the fiercest creatures can survive the frozen north; the strongest are rounded up for war and starved into viciousness, ready for the next battle.
Frostbitten
Frostbitten3 levels
Level 1
- Melee attack: +4 for Skin Wolves and Troll units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Melee attack: +4 for Skin Wolves and Troll units (Lord's army)
- Weapon strength: +6% for Skin Wolves and Troll units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Melee attack: +6 for Skin Wolves and Troll units (Lord's army)
- Weapon strength: +12% for Skin Wolves and Troll units (Lord's army)
Requires: Dominating PresenceThe intense cold cuts into the flesh, burning the foe's extremities until they drop off altogether!
Hail of Teeth
Hail of Teeth3 levels
Level 1
- Melee attack: +4 for Manticore, Chimera and Chaos Frost Dragon units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Armour: +6 for Manticore, Chimera and Chaos Frost Dragon units (Lord's army)
- Melee attack: +4 for Manticore, Chimera and Chaos Frost Dragon units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Armour: +12 for Manticore, Chimera and Chaos Frost Dragon units (Lord's army)
- Melee attack: +6 for Manticore, Chimera and Chaos Frost Dragon units (Lord's army)
Requires: Dominating PresenceThe razor-sharp hail of the north is not the only danger in the Norscan sky – its airborne beasts are just as deadly and far less predictable.
Monsters of the North
Monsters of the North3 levels
Level 1
- Melee attack: +4 for Fimir Warriors, Norscan Giant, Feral Mammoth, Dread Maw, Curs'd Ettin and War Mammoth units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Melee attack: +4 for Fimir Warriors, Norscan Giant, Feral Mammoth, Dread Maw, Curs'd Ettin and War Mammoth units (Lord's army)
- Melee defence: +4 for Fimir Warriors, Norscan Giant, Feral Mammoth, Dread Maw, Curs'd Ettin and War Mammoth units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Melee attack: +6 for Fimir Warriors, Norscan Giant, Feral Mammoth, Dread Maw, Curs'd Ettin and War Mammoth units (Lord's army)
- Melee defence: +6 for Fimir Warriors, Norscan Giant, Feral Mammoth, Dread Maw, Curs'd Ettin and War Mammoth units (Lord's army)
Requires: Dominating PresenceGiant, deadly, and able to take orders, this Lord’s monstrosities are especially terrifying and lethal.
Rally!
Rally!
- Ability: "Rally!"
Requires: Fearsome Warriors, Beast Slayers, Unnatural Selection, Frostbitten, Hail of Teeth, Monsters of the North
Champions of the North
Champions of the North
- Armour: +12 for Marauders, Marauder Spearmen, Marauder Berserkers, Marauder Bearmen, Flayerkin and Marauder Champions units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Melee defence: +5 for Marauders, Marauder Spearmen, Marauder Berserkers, Marauder Bearmen, Flayerkin and Marauder Champions units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Physical resistance: 10% for Marauders, Marauder Spearmen, Marauder Berserkers, Marauder Bearmen, Flayerkin and Marauder Champions units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
Requires: Rally!In spite of their savage nature, they are possessed of a savage code of conduct and form a loose brotherhood of those considered worthy.
Hardened Hunters
Hardened Hunters
- Missile strength: +12% for Marauder Hunters, Marauder Horsemen, and Marauder Horsemasters units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Missile resistance: 15% for Marauder Hunters, Marauder Horsemen, and Marauder Horsemasters units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Reload time reduction: +10% for Marauder Hunters, Marauder Horsemen, and Marauder Horsemasters units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
Requires: Rally!No beast too large, no adversary too great; no quarry - mortal or otherwise - can evade them.
Icy Wrath
Icy Wrath
- Charge bonus: +12 for Norscan Warhounds, Norscan Ice Wolves, Manticore, Skin Wolves, Marauder Chariot and Kurgan Horsemen units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Melee attack: +5 for Norscan Warhounds, Norscan Ice Wolves, Manticore, Skin Wolves, Marauder Chariot and Kurgan Horsemen units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Weapon strength: +12% for Norscan Warhounds, Norscan Ice Wolves, Manticore, Skin Wolves, Marauder Chariot and Kurgan Horsemen units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
Requires: Rally!The intense cold and near-constant darkness of the far north make for a certain kind of killer.
Hulks of Death
Hulks of Death
- Armour: +12 for Trolls, Chaos Frost Dragon, Norscan Giant, Fimir, Feral Mammoth, Chimera, Dread Maw, Curs'd Ettin and War Mammoth units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Ward save: +8% for Trolls, Chaos Frost Dragon, Norscan Giant, Fimir, Feral Mammoth, Chimera, Dread Maw, Curs'd Ettin and War Mammoth units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Weapon strength: +12% for Trolls, Chaos Frost Dragon, Norscan Giant, Fimir, Feral Mammoth, Chimera, Dread Maw, Curs'd Ettin and War Mammoth units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
Requires: Rally!The freezing darkness and stunning violence of the far north bring no small solace to those who have lost everything and wish to forget.
Stand or Die!
Stand or Die!
- Replaces: "Rally!"
- Ability: "Stand or Die!"
Requires: Champions of the North, Hardened Hunters, Icy Wrath, Hulks of DeathThere can be no turning back for those whose souls are turning black.
Fight or Die!
Fight or Die!
- Ability: "Fight or Die!"
- Replaces: "Rally!"
Requires: Champions of the North, Hardened Hunters, Icy Wrath, Hulks of DeathThere is no other choice. There never was.

Route Marcher
Route Marcher
- Campaign movement range: +5%
Those who know the land and its secrets will travel faster and further than the foes who don't.
Takers of All
Takers of All3 levels
Level 1
- Income from post-battle loot: +5%
Level 2
- Income from post-battle loot: +10%
Level 3
- Income from post-battle loot: +15%
Requires: Route MarcherThat which is not offered up to the Dark Gods of the North in tribute is harvested by their servants for their own petty gain.
Serve or Die
Serve or Die3 levels
Level 1
- Recruitment cost: -5% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Recruitment cost: -10% (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Recruitment cost: -15% (Lord's army)
Requires: Route Marcher"You will serve me, wretch, or you will die, there is no other option."
Norse Resilience
Norse Resilience
- Casualty replenishment rate: +5% (Lord's army)
Requires: Route MarcherThe bleak, brutal landscape of the far north breeds bloody, warlike tribes in thrall to Chaos' delicious, twisted power.
Swelling of Doom
Swelling of Doom3 levels
Level 1
- Growth: +8 (local province)
Level 2
- Growth: +20 (local province)
Level 3
- Growth: +36 (local province)
Requires: Route MarcherMaybe it is the influence of the Dark Gods that has caused the populace to burgeon and proliferate beyond their natural bounds?
Lightning Strike
Lightning Strike3 levels
Level 1
- Enemy battle reinforcement time: +25%
- Battle reinforcement time: -10%
- Reinforcements supporting this army can have their arrival point adjusted by +250 metres without incurring any time penalty
Level 2
- Enemy battle reinforcement time: +50%
- Battle reinforcement time: -20%
- Reinforcements supporting this army can have their arrival point adjusted by +600 metres without incurring any time penalty
Level 3
- Enemy battle reinforcement time: +50%
- Battle reinforcement time: -30%
- Reinforcements supporting this army can have their arrival point adjusted by +1000 metres without incurring any time penalty
- Enables lightning strike battles when reinforcements are present
Requires: Takers of All, Serve or Die, Norse Resilience, Swelling of Doom"The time to strike is now!"
Ruination
Ruination3 levels
Level 1
- Attrition suffered by defender: +10% when laying siege or encircling (local region)
Level 2
- Attrition suffered by defender: +20% when laying siege or encircling (local region)
- Control: -4 (local enemy province)
Level 3
- Attrition suffered by defender: +40% when laying siege or encircling (local region)
- Control: -8 (local enemy province)
Requires: Lightning Strike"This stinking mortal Hold will fall, my masters have foreseen it. Bring them ruin!"
Savage Skills
Savage Skills3 levels
Level 1
- Recruit rank: +1 for all units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Recruit rank: +2 for all units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Recruit rank: +3 for all units (Lord's army)
Requires: Lightning StrikeThere's something about the harsh, unforgiving nature of northern life that makes its occupants fight harder and longer than many of their soft, southern equivalents.
Unnatural Healing
Unnatural Healing
- Casualty replenishment rate: +4% (Lord's army)
Requires: Lightning StrikeSomething strange - something no scholar really wishes to discover - governs who dies and who lives in the warlike northern wastes.
Fuelled by War
Fuelled by War3 levels
Level 1
- Upkeep: -3% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Upkeep: -6% (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Upkeep: -9% (Lord's army)
Requires: Lightning StrikeWar and glory before the Gods are the determining elements in every decision made; there is nothing else worth living - or dying - for.
Spawn of Chaos
Spawn of Chaos
- Unit experience gain per turn: +200 (Lord's army)
- Enemy Hero action success chance: -10%
- Campaign movement range: +5%
Requires: Ruination, Savage Skills, Unnatural Healing, Fuelled by WarThe tendrils (and tentacles!) of the Northern Gods reach down from the poles and far across the world, twisting and corrupting all they touch.

Every version of Marauder Chieftain

4 units share this name (mounts, race versions, renown or faction variants). Differences from the first row are highlighted.

Version	HP	Models	Armour	Lead.	Speed	MA	MD	WS	Charge	Cost	Upkeep	Unit key
NorscaLord	4,268	1	50	70	35	60	40	450	55	700	200	`wh_main_nor_cha_marauder_chieftan_0`
NorscaLord	4,676	1	50	70	90	60	40	450	65	900	220	`wh_main_nor_cha_marauder_chieftan_1`
NorscaLord	4,996	1	90	70	78	38	20	420	90	1,100	275	`wh_main_nor_cha_marauder_chieftan_2`
NorscaLord	14,104	1	80	70	56	34	30	525	68	1,900	475	`wh_main_nor_cha_marauder_chieftan_3`

Who can field it

World Walkers

Where these numbers come from

Read from the game's database tables for patch 9.0 (main_units, land_units, battle_entities, melee_weapons, projectiles…) as published in the WH3-Dump export (commit 8a4f7e64). Formulas that turn table values into card values are checked against known units before they are shown — how we verify.