How much HP does Warlord have?

Warlord has 4,068 HP at Ultra unit size (patch 9.0.4).

How much does Warlord cost?

Warlord costs 700 in the campaign and 525 in multiplayer.

What is the unit key for Warlord?

The unit key is wh2_main_skv_cha_warlord_0; other versions: wh2_main_skv_cha_warlord_1, wh2_dlc16_skv_cha_warlord_2.

What are Warlord's stats?

4,068 HP, armour 90, melee attack 50, melee defence 55, weapon strength 400. Patch 9.0.4, from the game's data tables.

Warlord

Lord· Lord· 1 model at Ultra size

Skaven

Skill tree →Duel it in the combat calculator →vs Chaos Warriors, the unit the rankings measure against; pick any other there.

Warlord is Skaven lord: 4,068 HP, armour 90, melee attack 50, melee defence 55, weapon strength 400. It costs 700 in the campaign and 525 in multiplayer. Unit key wh2_main_skv_cha_warlord_0. Patch 9.0.4, from the game's data tables.

Health

4,068

bottom 11% of class

Armour

shield blocks 35% of small-arms missiles from the front (not artillery)

top 38% of class

Leadership

bottom 1% of class

Speed

bottom 26% of class

Melee attack

top 47% of class

Melee defence

top 17% of class

Weapon strength

280 base + 120 armour-piercing

400

bottom 36% of class

Charge bonus

bottom 27% of class

Attributes

Encourage
This unit provides a leadership bonus to nearby allies. Units within range of both the Lord's aura and an encouraging unit will receive the larger of the two bonuses.
Hide (forest)
This unit can hide in forests until enemy units get too close.

Abilities

Verminous ValourAugment · +25% Speed, +8 Leadership…active
Scurry Away!Augment · +10% Speedpassive
WoundsHex · -10% Speed, -20% Armour-Piercing Weapon Damage…passive
Deadly OnslaughtAugment · +60% Charge Bonus, +25% Armour-Piercing Weapon Damage…active
Rally!Augment (Area) · +16 Leadershipactive

Counters

Vulnerable to

Bonus vs infantry — infantry-sizede.g. War Mammoth, Feral Mammoth, Morghast Harbingers · Skaven: Doom-Flayers, Doomwheel

Computed from base unit-card values (no skills, items or abilities), one rule per line; examples are units with the most of that trait. How counters are worked out · Try it in the combat calculator

Warlord skill tree

47 skills, line by line as the game lays them out. Hover a skill for the rank it unlocks at and its effects at each level.

Plan Warlord's skills

Bonebreaker
BonebreakerUnlocks at rank 12
- Mount: Bonebreaker
A specially-engineered breed of Rat Ogre, the Bonebreaker has a braced platform strapped or bolted to its back for carrying a Skaven Warlord to battle.
Brood Horror
Brood HorrorUnlocks at rank 14
- Mount: Brood Horror
For the gaudier Warlord, Clan Moulder offers their most bloated Pox Rats as mounts to flail, crush, and savage a way through the enemy’s ranks.
Sneaky
SneakyUnlocks at rank 8
- Missile resistance: 10%
Furtive, scheming, sly, cunning, underhand, devious, conniving, double-dealing, and sneaky - valuable traits if you wish to stay alive!
Tricksy
TricksyUnlocks at rank 8
- Spell resistance: 10%
All Skaven are unprincipled and untrustworthy by their foul natures. However, this is rarely a disadvantage in the face of the enemy.
Warpstone Weapon
Warpstone WeaponUnlocks at rank 13
- Armour-piercing weapon damage: +12
- Enables magical attacks
If you've got the Warptokens and the contacts, you can get all manner of fine, murderous armaments crafted to fit claw or tail perfectly.
Soldiers of Renown
Soldiers of RenownUnlocks at rank 10 · 3 levels
Level 1
- Regiments of Renown army capacity: +1 (own army)
Level 2
- Regiments of Renown army capacity: +2 (own army)
Level 3
- Regiments of Renown army capacity: +3 (own army)
Their renown shall further elevate the one under whose command they march.
Immortality
ImmortalityUnlocks at rank 20
- This Lord will be wounded instead of killed in battle
Who wants to live forever? As it turns out, most beings wouldn't say no…
Mentor
MentorUnlocks at rank 30 · 3 levels
Level 1
- Character experience gain: +20% (Heroes in Lord's army)
- Character will share +15% of experience earned between all other active Lords
Level 2
- Character experience gain: +35% (Heroes in Lord's army)
- Character will share +30% of experience earned between all other active Lords
Level 3
- Character experience gain: +50% (Heroes in Lord's army)
- Character will share +50% of experience earned between all other active Lords
Having learned much in their long years of service, this character now turns their attention to training others.

Life is Cheap
Life is CheapUnlocks at rank 13 · 2 levels
Level 1
- Armour: +5 for Skavenslaves units (Lord's army)
- Upkeep: -33% for Skavenslaves units (Lord's army)
- Casualty replenishment rate: +4% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Armour: +10 for Skavenslaves units (Lord's army)
- Upkeep: -50% for Skavenslaves units (Lord's army)
- Casualty replenishment rate: +8% (Lord's army)
It should be no surprise that a race without a shred of honour or decency between them have even less regard for each other's lives.
Dastardly & Devious
Dastardly & DeviousUnlocks at rank 13 · 2 levels
Level 1
- Assassinate action: Additional 8% success chance (Heroes in local region)
- Hero action cost: -33% (Heroes in local region)
- Ambush success chance: +15% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Hero action cost: -50% (Heroes in local region)
- Hero action success chance: +12% (Heroes in local region)
- Ambush success chance: +25% (Lord's army)
The best-laid plans – those involving murder with poison and knives – must remain secret, under pain of a hideous death involving poison and knives...
Ravenous Expansion
Ravenous ExpansionUnlocks at rank 13 · 2 levels
Level 1
- Skaven corruption in adjacent provinces: +1
- Skaven corruption: +2 (local province)
- Growth: +2 (all provinces)
- Income from Province Capital/Settlement buildings: +2% (factionwide)
Level 2
- Skaven corruption in adjacent provinces: +2
- Skaven corruption: +4 (local province)
- Growth: +4 (all provinces)
- Income from Province Capital/Settlement buildings: +4% (factionwide)
If you wish to expand into new territory, it helps to head-up a voracious, colonising force that breed like… er, oh!

Tail Weapon
Tail Weapon
- Melee attack: +3
- Weapon strength: +4%
Whether by attachment or mutation, something nasty and spiky on your tail has got to bring no little advantage in battle.
Ruin & Decay
Ruin & Decay2 levels
Level 1
- Weapon strength: +10% when fighting against Dwarfs
- Weapon strength: +10% when fighting against Lizardmen
- Weapon strength: +2%
Level 2
- Weapon strength: +10% when fighting against High Elves, Lizardmen, Dwarfs and men
- Weapon strength: +5%
Requires: Tail WeaponAs you might expect, the forces of order are repelled by the Skaven and their myriad disgusting, disease-ridden ways.
Thick-Skinned
Thick-Skinned2 levels
Level 1
- Armour: +7
Level 2
- Armour: +15
Requires: Tail WeaponCreatures with tough hides or some kind of natural armour are tough nuts to crack - even a powerful attack may fall foul of their thick-skin.
Blade Master
Blade Master2 levels
Level 1
- Melee attack: +6
Level 2
- Melee attack: +12
Requires: Tail WeaponThis warrior is one with their blade; it is an extension of their will, making them a worthy foe in combat.
Indomitable
Indomitable2 levels
Level 1
- Leadership: +6
Level 2
- Leadership: +12
Requires: Tail WeaponThe iron will and indomitable presence of this leader ensures their followers remain steadfast when facing peril.
Verminous Valour
Verminous ValourUnlocks at rank 4
- Ability: "Verminous Valour"
Requires: 4 skill points across Ruin & Decay, Thick-Skinned, Blade Master, Indomitable
Wound-Maker
Wound-Maker2 levels
Level 1
- Weapon strength: +10%
Level 2
- Weapon strength: +20%
Requires: Verminous ValourSuch is their power and ferocity, a wound-maker will ravage the foe, cutting and pulverising until there is only one exit - death.
Scarred Veteran
Scarred Veteran2 levels
Level 1
- Hit points: +7%
Level 2
- Hit points: +15%
Requires: Verminous ValourThe scars on this storied warrior reveal a veteran of many battles, a being not easy to kill and one worthy of respect and fear.
Blade Shield
Blade Shield2 levels
Level 1
- Melee defence: +6
Level 2
- Melee defence: +12
Requires: Verminous ValourA blade that sings in defence will not let its wielder be penetrated.
Expeditious Endeavour
Expeditious Endeavour2 levels
Level 1
- Speed: +7%
Level 2
- Speed: +15%
Requires: Verminous ValourWhat the enemy cannot see, it cannot hit. What the enemy cannot see, it cannot survive.
Deadly Onslaught
Deadly Onslaught
- Ability: "Deadly Onslaught"
Requires: 4 skill points across Wound-Maker, Scarred Veteran, Blade Shield, Expeditious EndeavourThe war is endless. The cycle of charging, clashing, and bloody hand-to-hand fighting is without end. It will never stop.

Inspiring Presence
Inspiring Presence
- Unit experience gain per turn: +75 (Lord's army)
- Character's aura leadership effect: +5
There are Lords that radiate power, confidence and fear, inspiring their followers to great or terrible acts.
Pack Leader
Pack Leader3 levels
Level 1
- Melee attack: +4 for Clanrats units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Leadership: +3 for Clanrats units (Lord's army)
- Melee attack: +4 for Clanrats units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Leadership: +5 for Clanrats units (Lord's army)
- Melee attack: +6 for Clanrats units (Lord's army)
Requires: Inspiring PresenceTo rise above the rank and file, to claw one's way above the mire and the filth, takes a certain, superior breed of Skaven.
Infiltrator
Infiltrator3 levels
Level 1
- Reload time reduction: +3% for Night Runners and Gutter Runners units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Reload time reduction: +6% for Night Runners and Gutter Runners units (Lord's army)
- Speed: +7% for Night Runners and Gutter Runners units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Reload time reduction: +9% for Night Runners and Gutter Runners units (Lord's army)
- Speed: +10% for Night Runners and Gutter Runners units (Lord's army)
Requires: Inspiring PresenceHaving to hide, for an extended period, in a dark, dank recess, in order to entrap and kill your target encourages lateral thinking.
Blastmaster
Blastmaster3 levels
Level 1
- Ammunition: +8% for Warpfire Thrower, Warplock Jezzails, Ratling Gun, Poisoned Wind Globadiers, Poisoned Wind Mortars, Death Globe Bombardiers and Ranged Stormfiend units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Ammunition: +12% for Warpfire Thrower, Warplock Jezzails, Ratling Gun, Poisoned Wind Globadiers, Poisoned Wind Mortars, Death Globe Bombardiers and Ranged Stormfiend units (Lord's army)
- Reload time reduction: +4% for Warpfire Thrower, Warplock Jezzails, Ratling Gun, Poisoned Wind Globadiers, Poisoned Wind Mortars, Death Globe Bombardiers and Ranged Stormfiend units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Ammunition: +20% for Warpfire Thrower, Warplock Jezzails, Ratling Gun, Poisoned Wind Globadiers, Poisoned Wind Mortars, Death Globe Bombardiers and Ranged Stormfiend units (Lord's army)
- Reload time reduction: +8% for Warpfire Thrower, Warplock Jezzails, Ratling Gun, Poisoned Wind Globadiers, Poisoned Wind Mortars, Death Globe Bombardiers and Ranged Stormfiend units (Lord's army)
Requires: Inspiring PresenceKnowing exactly where and when to strike is essential when fielding fiendish, potentially battle-winning plague-weapons.
Respected & Feared
Respected & Feared3 levels
Level 1
- Weapon strength: +6% for Stormvermin, Death Runners, Plague Monks and Eshin Triads units (Lord's army)
- Armour: +6 for Cauldron of a Thousand Poxes units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Melee attack: +4 for Stormvermin, Death Runners, Plague Monks and Eshin Triads units (Lord's army)
- Weapon strength: +6% for Stormvermin, Death Runners, Plague Monks and Eshin Triads units (Lord's army)
- Armour: +9 for Cauldron of a Thousand Poxes units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Melee attack: +6 for Stormvermin, Death Runners, Plague Monks and Eshin Triads units (Lord's army)
- Weapon strength: +9% for Stormvermin, Death Runners, Plague Monks and Eshin Triads units (Lord's army)
- Armour: +12 for Cauldron of a Thousand Poxes units (Lord's army)
Requires: Inspiring PresenceIs it better to be respected or feared? What sort of question is that... why, both of course!
Moulder Knowledge
Moulder Knowledge3 levels
Level 1
- Charge bonus: +6 for Wolf Rats, Rat Ogres, Mutant Rat Ogre, Brood Horror, Melee Stormfiend and Hell Pit Abomination units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Charge bonus: +9 for Wolf Rats, Rat Ogres, Mutant Rat Ogre, Brood Horror, Melee Stormfiend and Hell Pit Abomination units (Lord's army)
- Speed: +7% for Wolf Rats, Rat Ogres, Mutant Rat Ogre, Brood Horror, Melee Stormfiend and Hell Pit Abomination units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Charge bonus: +12 for Wolf Rats, Rat Ogres, Mutant Rat Ogre, Brood Horror, Melee Stormfiend and Hell Pit Abomination units (Lord's army)
- Speed: +10% for Wolf Rats, Rat Ogres, Mutant Rat Ogre, Brood Horror, Melee Stormfiend and Hell Pit Abomination units (Lord's army)
Requires: Inspiring PresenceThis one has seen the hideous deformities created by Clan Moulder firsthand and now fancies himself a dab hand with a needle and thread…
Engineering Skill
Engineering Skill3 levels
Level 1
- Charge bonus: +6% for Doomwheel and Doom-Flayers units (Lord's army)
- Speed: +3% for Warp-Grinders units (Lord's army)
- Reload time reduction: +3% for Doomwheel, Plagueclaw Catapult, Warp Lightning Cannon and Warp-Doom Magma-Cannon units (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Armour: +6 for Doomwheel, Doom-Flayers and Warp-Grinders units (Lord's army)
- Charge bonus: +9% for Doomwheel and Doom-Flayers units (Lord's army)
- Speed: +7% for Warp-Grinders units (Lord's army)
- Ammunition: +12% for Doomwheel, Plagueclaw Catapult, Warp Lightning Cannon and Warp-Doom Magma-Cannon units (Lord's army)
- Reload time reduction: +6% for Doomwheel, Plagueclaw Catapult, Warp Lightning Cannon and Warp-Doom Magma-Cannon units (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Armour: +12 for Doomwheel, Doom-Flayers and Warp-Grinders units (Lord's army)
- Charge bonus: +12% for Doomwheel and Doom-Flayers units (Lord's army)
- Speed: +12% for Warp-Grinders units (Lord's army)
- Ammunition: +20% for Doomwheel, Plagueclaw Catapult, Warp Lightning Cannon and Warp-Doom Magma-Cannon units (Lord's army)
- Reload time reduction: +9% for Doomwheel, Plagueclaw Catapult, Warp Lightning Cannon and Warp-Doom Magma-Cannon units (Lord's army)
Requires: Inspiring PresenceThis one's intimate knowledge of the inner workings of Skaven machinery enables him to improve their efficiency on the battlefield.
Rally!
Rally!
- Ability: "Rally!"
Requires: 6 skill points across Pack Leader, Infiltrator, Blastmaster, Respected & Feared, Moulder Knowledge, Engineering Skill
Whip-Smart
Whip-Smart
- Leadership: +5 for Skavenslaves, Clanrats, Stormvermin and Pusbag units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Melee attack: +5 for Skavenslaves, Clanrats, Stormvermin and Pusbag units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Missile resistance: 15% for Skavenslaves, Clanrats, Stormvermin and Pusbag units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
Requires: Rally!The wise commander considers the lash a dear friend - so much more than a motivational tool to encourage correctness in spirit and behaviour.
Gutter-Wise
Gutter-Wise
- Leadership: +5 for Gutter Runners, Night Runners, Death Runners and Eshin Triads units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Range: +15% for Gutter Runners and Night Runners units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Speed: +20% for Death Runners and Eshin Triads units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
Requires: Rally!Early years spent in the gutter both prepares the ambitious rat for power and schools him in the dirtier, more cut-throat ways of war.
Warp-Smart
Warp-Smart
- Bonus vs Infantry: +5 for Doomwheel, Doom-Flayers and Warp-Grinders units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Leadership: +5 for Weapon Team, Doom-Flayers, Doomwheel, Plagueclaw Catapult, Warp Lightning Cannon, Ranged Stormfiend and Warp-Doom Magma-Cannon units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Spell resistance: 15% for Weapon Team, Doom-Flayer, Doomwheel, Plagueclaw Catapult, Warp Lightning Cannon, Ranged Stormfiend and Warp-Doom Magma-Cannon units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Missile strength: +12% for Weapon Team, Doomwheel, Plagueclaw Catapult, Warp Lightning Cannon, Ranged Stormfiend and Warp-Doom Magma-Cannon units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
Requires: Rally!This one knows just what to say to 'encourage' the very best work from his underling Warp-smiths and technicians.
Mutagenic Elixirs
Mutagenic Elixirs
- Armour: +10 for Wolf Rats, Rat Ogres, Mutant Rat Ogre, Brood Horror, Hell Pit Abomination, Plague Monks, Melee Stormfiend, Pusbag and Cauldron of a Thousand Poxes units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Leadership: +5 for Wolf Rats, Rat Ogres, Mutant Rat Ogre, Brood Horror, Hell Pit Abomination, Plague Monks, Melee Stormfiend, Pusbag and Cauldron of a Thousand Poxes units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
- Physical resistance: 10% for Wolf Rats, Rat Ogres, Mutant Rat Ogre, Brood Horror, Hell Pit Abomination, Plague Monks, Melee Stormfiend, Pusbag and Cauldron of a Thousand Poxes units (Rank 7 and above) (Lord's army)
Requires: Rally!Potions infused with Warpstone transmogrify the not-always-willing testbed subjects; those who survive the process emerge stronger and better in every way.
Stand or Die!
Stand or Die!
- Replaces: "Rally!"
- Ability: "Stand or Die!"
Requires: a point in any of Whip-Smart, Gutter-Wise, Warp-Smart, Mutagenic Elixirs

Route Marcher
Route Marcher
- Campaign movement range: +5%
Those who know the land and its secrets will travel faster and further than the foes who don't.
Looter
Looter3 levels
Level 1
- Income from looting settlements: +3% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Income from looting settlements: +8% (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Income from looting settlements: +15% (Lord's army)
Requires: Route MarcherThose that excel as looters make sure that every coin or gold tooth is found and added to the plunder. Woe betide the warrior that misses even a single copper token!
Ancient Cunning
Ancient Cunning3 levels
Level 1
- Ambush success chance: +6% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Ambush success chance: +16% (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Ambush success chance: +30% (Lord's army)
Requires: Route MarcherSuch long-lived creatures develop a level of guile that mortals cannot match.
Bonded Service
Bonded Service3 levels
Level 1
- Recruitment cost: -5% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Recruitment cost: -10% (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Recruitment cost: -15% (Lord's army)
Requires: Route MarcherThe Lords rule, the peasants toil. Nothing has changed in over a thousand years.
Dictatorial
Dictatorial3 levels
Level 1
- Corruption: -1 (when in own province)
Level 2
- Corruption: -2 (when in own province)
Level 3
- Corruption: -3 (when in own province)
Requires: Route MarcherKeeping on top of things with an iron fist prevents Skavendom from becoming too much of a degenerate mess.
Corruptive
Corruptive3 levels
Level 1
- Skaven corruption: +1 (local enemy province)
Level 2
- Skaven corruption: +2 (local enemy province)
Level 3
- Skaven corruption: +3 (local enemy province)
Requires: Route MarcherNaturally, rats get in everywhere – even the tiniest opening presents little obstacle – spreading their disease and corruption everywhere they can.
Draftmaster
Draftmaster
- Recruit rank: +1 for all units (Lord's army)
- Local recruitment capacity: +1 (local province)
Requires: 4 skill points across Looter, Ancient Cunning, Bonded Service, Dictatorial, CorruptiveSomeone has to ensure the numbers and quality of recruits remain high.
Lightning Strike
Lightning Strike3 levels
Level 1
- Enemy battle reinforcement time: +25%
- Battle reinforcement time: -10%
- Reinforcements supporting this army can have their arrival point adjusted by +250 metres without incurring any time penalty
Level 2
- Enemy battle reinforcement time: +50%
- Battle reinforcement time: -20%
- Reinforcements supporting this army can have their arrival point adjusted by +600 metres without incurring any time penalty
Level 3
- Enemy battle reinforcement time: +50%
- Battle reinforcement time: -30%
- Reinforcements supporting this army can have their arrival point adjusted by +1000 metres without incurring any time penalty
- Enables lightning strike battles when reinforcements are present
Requires: Draftmaster"The time to strike is now!"
Quartermaster
Quartermaster3 levels
Level 1
- Upkeep: -3% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Upkeep: -6% (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Upkeep: -10% (Lord's army)
Requires: DraftmasterA good quartermaster can ration equipment and foodstuffs efficiently, making supplies last longer.
Wary
Wary3 levels
Level 1
- Enemy Hero action success chance: -3%
- Ambush defence chance: +8% (Lord's army)
Level 2
- Enemy Hero action success chance: -8%
- Ambush defence chance: +16% (Lord's army)
Level 3
- Enemy Hero action success chance: -15%
- Ambush defence chance: +30% (Lord's army)
Requires: DraftmasterThis warrior has been ambushed previously and got themselves and many of their compatriots away safely. Such things make one naturally suspicious.
"Miiine All Miiine!"
"Miiine All Miiine!"3 levels
Level 1
- Post battle chance of stealing a magic item: +5%
- Income from post-battle loot: +10%
Level 2
- Post battle chance of stealing a magic item: +10%
- Income from post-battle loot: +20%
Level 3
- Post battle chance of stealing a magic item: +15%
- Income from post-battle loot: +30%
Requires: DraftmasterWhen making corpses of your foes, leave nothing of value for their kin to recover.
Renowned & Feared
Renowned & Feared
- Enemy Hero action success chance: -10%
- Hero self-defence: +25% chance of wounding aggressors
- Campaign movement range: +5%
- Recruit rank: +1 for all units (Lord's army)
- Upkeep: -8% (Lord's army)
Requires: 4 skill points across Lightning Strike, Quartermaster, Wary, "Miiine All Miiine!"This Lord's many deeds - both on and off the battlefield - have brought them renown among their allies and made them feared by their enemies.

Every version of Warlord

3 units share this name (mounts, race versions, renown or faction variants). Differences from the first row are highlighted.

Version	HP	Models	Armour	Lead.	Speed	MA	MD	WS	Charge	Cost	Upkeep	Unit key
SkavenLord	4,068	1	90	60	40	50	55	400	35	700	300	`wh2_main_skv_cha_warlord_0`
SkavenLord	6,384	1	70	60	60	50	55	460	55	1,150	300	`wh2_main_skv_cha_warlord_1`
SkavenLord	6,024	1	60	60	95	50	40	375	65	1,250	313	`wh2_dlc16_skv_cha_warlord_2`

Who can field it

Skaven · Clan Mors

Custom Battle lists factions under each race; every faction of a race fields that race's units (units_custom_battle_permissions rows of any of its factions). The name after the race is the faction the army builder uses.

Where these numbers come from

Read from the game's database tables for patch 9.0.4 (main_units, land_units, battle_entities, melee_weapons, projectiles…) as published in the WH3-Dump export (commit 099796e8). Formulas that turn table values into card values are checked against known units before they are shown — how we verify.